I used the following settings to install debian arm64 on a qcow2 image on my Asus x86 Zenbook. Note that I use Linux Mint 22 and this is based on Ubuntu Noble. I am using my own created qemu-system 10.0.0 from Debian Backports as the qemu packages in Noble (8.2) are painfully slow.
The backported packages can be downloaded here.

qemu-system-aarch64 -m 8G -M virt,gic-version=3,virtualization=on -cpu max,pauth-impdef=on -smp 4 -bios /usr/share/qemu-efi-aarch64/QEMU_EFI.fd -drive file=./debian-12.11.0-arm64-netinst.iso,id=cdrom,if=none,media=cdrom -device virtio-scsi-device -device scsi-cd,drive=cdrom -drive if=none,file=debian.sda.qcow2,id=hd0,cache=writeback -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0 -device e1000,netdev=net0 -netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:5555-:22 -device virtio-gpu-pci -device usb-ehci -device usb-kbd -device usb-mouse -display sdl,show-cursor=on -accel tcg,thread=multi -nographic